高考英語閱讀理解的四類題型

1. 主旨題

主旨題主要考查學生對所讀材料中心思想的概括。做這類題時，考生應通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時注意文章的主題句，因為主題句表達中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進行展開。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，閱讀時對這些地方要特別關注。主旨題的考查形式很多，如概括標題、主題、中心思想等。

2. 細節題

顧名思義，細節題既指針對文章的某個細節而設置的試題。細節題的命題方法很多，如可能是對某個細節用同義結構轉換后進行考查、也可能是將文章中的幾個細節(通常是四個)放在一起要求考生判斷是非(選出正確的一項或選出錯誤的一項)或對幾個細節進行排序等。解答這類試題時，一個常用的方法就是運用定位法，即根據題干或選項中的線索詞從原文中找到相關的句子，與選項進行比較從而確定答案(此時要特別注意一些常見的同義轉換)。如下面是某年高考英語閱讀文章的第A篇中的一段：

Tristan da Cunhat discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506 and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.

It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha ________.

A. was named after its discoverer  

B. got its name from Holland settlers

C. was named by the British government  

D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

此題答案應選A，其依據是匘iscovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name，其關鍵詞是 the same name。

3. 推斷題

即根據某個事實或前提推斷結論，如推測生詞詞義就是一種典型的推斷題。比如，若文章中有這樣一句：He studies geology, or the science of the earth’s crust. 我們根據文章中的 or(也就是說)可以推斷出 geology 與 the science of the earth’s crust(研究地殼的科學)同義。又如：

Mark spent the night on the buoy(浮標). In the early morning he fell asleep. He was having a bad dream when a shout woke him up. A ship, the Good Hope, came up and he climbed onto it and thanked the captain. The captain told him that John had been picked up by another ship and the ship’s captain had sent out a message. “Without the message, I would not have found you on the buoy.” he said.

The word he in the last sentence refers to________.

A. the captain that got the message             B. the captain that sent the massage

C. John                                                            D. Mark

此題答案應選 A，根據 he said 前引號內的句子可知 he 應該指的是“收到信號的那位船長”，并非“發出信號的船長”。

4. 推理題

即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎上，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷題屬于主觀性極強的高層次閱讀理解題，做這類題目時，要嚴格依據作者所陳述的細節、事實以及作者的措詞、態度和語氣，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結論。此時應特別注意：當問及作者的看法、意圖與態度時，不要誤認為是在問“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行間所表述的觀點。如：

Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”

Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.

Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?

A. He was driving at great speed. B. He was running across the street.

C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.    D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.

10歲的女兒對父親說：“爸爸，你若死了，也就不可能健康了。”女兒為什么這樣說呢？下文告訴我們：父親匆匆忙忙在天黑之前開車趕回家，以便跑步鍛煉身體，但卻在開車回家時忘記系安全帶。顯然女兒是在責備父親未系安全帶開車(即答案選 C)。